Physic Labs

Fluid mechanics

The Navier–Stokes equations

Illustrate Couette flow — an analytic solution of the Navier–Stokes equations for a viscous fluid between two flat plates with no pressure gradient. Vary the top-plate speed U and the gap H to verify the linear profile u(y)=Uy/Hu(y)=Uy/H and shear rate du/dy=U/Hdu/dy=U/H.

Advanced

Equipment

  • Two parallel flat plates with a virtual viscous fluid layer
  • Top-plate speed slider U (0.02–0.20 m/s)
  • Gap slider H (20–100 mm)
  • Draggable 3D canvas and shear-rate U/H readout

Procedure

  1. Set up the Couette flow

    Set the top-plate speed to about 0.10 m/s and the gap to about 60 mm with the sliders. Watch the velocity arrows: the bottom plate is at rest and the speed grows linearly up to U at the top — the no-slip boundary condition.

  2. Verify the linear profile

    Read the shear rate du/dy=U/Hdu/dy=U/H in s⁻¹. Double U while holding H and check that the rate doubles; each fluid layer slides over its neighbor with viscous stress τ=μ U/H\tau=\mu\,U/H.

  3. Change the gap and compare

    Hold U fixed and raise H from 20 mm to 100 mm: the profile stays linear but the shear rate U/H drops inversely with the gap. Drag the canvas to rotate the view and inspect arrows at every height.

Simulation

Experiment history

Claude-Louis Navier proposed equations for a viscous fluid in 1822, adding a molecular-friction term to the Euler equations that Leonhard Euler had written for ideal fluids in the 1750s. George Gabriel Stokes rederived and popularized the modern form from 1845, which is why the equations carry both names. Couette flow is named for Maurice Couette, who in 1890 built a rotating concentric-cylinder apparatus to measure liquid viscosity — one of the few exact analytic solutions of Navier–Stokes. Into the twenty-first century, the smoothness and existence of general three-dimensional solutions remains an unsolved Millennium Prize Problem of the Clay Mathematics Institute.

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