Physic Labs

Particle physics

Physics beyond the Standard Model

Use a simulated nuclear-recoil spectrum to see how a hypothetical WIMP mass and the detector threshold shape the expected event rate — the logic of direct searches for physics beyond the Standard Model.

Research

Equipment

  • Simulated recoil-energy spectrum display (normalized, schematic)
  • Slider “Khối lượng WIMP giả định” (assumed WIMP mass)
  • Slider “Ngưỡng detector” (detector threshold)
  • Mode switch “Chế độ” (direct/indirect) and “Tạm dừng” button

Procedure

  1. Read the recoil spectrum

    In direct-detection mode, look at the recoil spectrum: WIMP–nucleus scattering deposits only a few keV, so the expected signal falls steeply with energy. All curves are arbitrarily normalized — the figure shows shapes, not real detector data or evidence.

  2. Vary the WIMP mass

    Sweep the WIMP-mass slider. Light WIMPs transfer less energy to a nucleus, so their recoil spectrum is softer and hugs the threshold; heavy WIMPs push recoils to higher energies. Relate the trend to the recoil-energy scale ER∼mχ2v2/(2mN)E_R\sim m_\chi^2 v^2/(2m_N).

  3. Move the detector threshold

    Raise the threshold slider and watch the detectable portion of the spectrum shrink — a high threshold hides soft recoils entirely. Then switch the “Chế độ” control to indirect and compare the two search philosophies.

  4. Connect to theory

    Explain why a null result still constrains physics: each excluded mass and cross-section region shrinks the parameter space of the effective theory Leff=LSM+∑d>4cdOd/Λd−4\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{eff}}=\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{SM}}+\sum_{d>4}c_d\mathcal{O}_d/\Lambda^{d-4}. State one reason real experiments also need background subtraction and annual-modulation checks.

Simulation

Experiment history

The Standard Model took its modern form in the 1970s after electroweak unification by Glashow, Weinberg and Salam and the quark picture of hadrons; its last predicted particle, the Higgs boson, was found at CERN in 2012. Yet it explains neither dark matter, neutrino masses, nor gravity — motivating extensions like supersymmetry, grand unification, and extra dimensions, all still unconfirmed. WIMP searches grew from the 1980s proposal that dark matter might be a weakly interacting massive particle left over from the Big Bang. Experiments such as XENON, LUX-ZEPLIN, PandaX and PandaX-like detectors cooled deep underground have pushed limits for decades without a confirmed detection, steadily shrinking the allowed parameter space and driving interest in lighter candidates like axions.

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