Physic Labs

Particle physics

Particle collisions and curved tracks

Relate track radius to momentum and magnetic field through r = p/(|q|B), and account for energy and momentum conservation in pair production.

Undergraduate

Equipment

  • Virtual cloud chamber with a uniform magnetic field
  • Electron and positron beams with adjustable collision energy
  • Track radius scale and momentum readout

Procedure

  1. Set the detector field

    In a real detector, verify the field polarity and map B before collecting events. Select a uniform central region and record its field strength; tracks outside it should not be used for a simple radius estimate.

  2. Record a collision event

    Select an electron–positron event and trace each outgoing charged particle through several detector points. Fit a circle to each projected track and record its curvature direction, radius, and uncertainty.

  3. Compare curvature and collision energy

    Repeat at a different beam energy and then a different B. Estimate transverse momentum from p = |q|Br (with unit conversion in real data), check how opposite charges bend in opposite directions, and discuss why a pair's tracks alone do not guarantee pair creation without accounting for conservation laws and the interaction context.

Simulation

Experiment history

In 1932, Carl Anderson identified the positron in cloud-chamber photographs of cosmic-ray tracks. Its curvature in a magnetic field showed a particle with the electron's mass but positive charge, providing the first direct evidence for antimatter. Donald Glaser later developed the bubble chamber, while the earlier Wilson cloud chamber made visible tracks of ionizing particles. Modern accelerators collide particle beams and use layered detectors rather than a single cloud chamber. Electron–positron collisions can produce other particles when the available energy and quantum numbers permit; pair production must respect energy, momentum, and charge conservation. Curvature measurements remain a core method for determining the momentum and sign of charged particles.

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