Physic Labs

Electrodynamics

Relativistic electrodynamics

Study how a Lorentz boost mixes electric and magnetic fields in the two-part simulation. Verify the factor γ=1/1−β2\gamma = 1/\sqrt{1-\beta^2} and the field transformation E′=γ(E+v×B)E' = \gamma(E + v\times B), B′=γ(B−v×E/c2)B' = \gamma(B - v\times E/c^2).

Research

Equipment

  • Two 3D canvases: part 1 «Điện trường và từ trường», part 2 «Biến đổi Lorentz», rotated by dragging or arrow keys
  • «Mô hình A» / «Mô hình B» buttons switching field configuration in part 1
  • Sliders «Biên độ / nguồn» and «Bước sóng / tỉ lệ»; «Tạm dừng» button
  • Sliders «Tần số / vận tốc» and «Góc nhìn / hệ số» in part 2 driving the boost
  • Readout lines «γ = 1/√(1−β²)» and «E′, B′ trộn dưới boost; góc điều khiển θ»

Procedure

  1. Inspect the field geometry in Mô hình A

    In part 1, press «Mô hình A» and adjust «Biên độ / nguồn» together with «Bước sóng / tỉ lệ». Watch the readout «biên độ chuẩn hóa a = …, tham số k = …» and rotate the canvas to see the E vectors (orange — positive component) and B vectors (teal — opposite direction). Press «Tạm dừng» to record the configuration.

  2. Compare with Mô hình B

    Press «Mô hình B» and repeat the observation with the same a and k values. Note how the field geometry changes: same control parameters but a different vector distribution — a hint that two distinct field configurations may be the same field seen from two reference frames.

  3. Drive the boost in the Biến đổi Lorentz part

    In part 2, drag «Tần số / vận tốc» to change the velocity parameter (the readout shows Hz) and «Góc nhìn / hệ số» to set θ. Watch the line «E′, B′ trộn dưới boost; góc điều khiển θ = …°»: as the boost grows, the E′ and B′ components intermix following E′=γ(E+v×B)E' = \gamma(E + v\times B) with γ=1/1−β2\gamma = 1/\sqrt{1-\beta^2}.

  4. Predict the limiting case and conclude

    Return «Tần số / vận tốc» to its smallest value: predict that for β → 0, γ → 1 and there is almost no E–B mixing, then check the readout. Next set the largest boost and describe the strong mixing. Conclude: E and B are not separate entities but projections of the electromagnetic tensor in each reference frame.

Simulation

Experiment history

James Clerk Maxwell unified electricity, magnetism, and light in the system of equations published in 1865. The transformations leaving Maxwell's equations invariant — later called Lorentz transformations — were completed by Hendrik Lorentz in 1904 to account for the Michelson–Morley result. In 1905 Albert Einstein, in Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper, grounded these transformations on two postulates about relativity and the speed of light, creating special relativity. In 1908 Hermann Minkowski recast electrodynamics in four-dimensional spacetime, showing that electric and magnetic fields are components of a single tensor — so a boost mixes E with B while leaving the Maxwell structure unchanged.

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